Expressions and operators

This chapter documents all the JavaScript language operators, expressions and keywords.

Expressions and operators by category

For an alphabetical listing see the sidebar on the left.

Primary expressions

Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript. These expressions have the highest precedence (higher than operators).

this

The this keyword refers to a special property of an execution context.

Literals

Basic null, boolean, number, and string literals.

[]

Array initializer/literal syntax.

{}

Object initializer/literal syntax.

function

The function keyword defines a function expression.

class

The class keyword defines a class expression.

function*

The function* keyword defines a generator function expression.

async function

The async function defines an async function expression.

async function*

The async function* keywords define an async generator function expression.

/ab+c/i

Regular expression literal syntax.

`string`

Template literal syntax.

( )

Grouping operator.

Left-hand-side expressions

Left values are the destination of an assignment.

Property accessors

Member operators provide access to a property or method of an object (object.property and object["property"]).

?.

The optional chaining operator returns undefined instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined).

new

The new operator creates an instance of a constructor.

new.target

In constructors, new.target refers to the constructor that was invoked by new.

import.meta

An object exposing context-specific metadata to a JavaScript module.

super

The super keyword calls the parent constructor or allows accessing properties of the parent object.

import()

The import() syntax allows loading a module asynchronously and dynamically into a potentially non-module environment.

Increment and decrement

Postfix/prefix increment and postfix/prefix decrement operators.

A++

Postfix increment operator.

A--

Postfix decrement operator.

++A

Prefix increment operator.

--A

Prefix decrement operator.

Unary operators

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

delete

The delete operator deletes a property from an object.

void

The void operator evaluates an expression and discards its return value.

typeof

The typeof operator determines the type of a given object.

+

The unary plus operator converts its operand to Number type.

-

The unary negation operator converts its operand to Number type and then negates it.

~

Bitwise NOT operator.

!

Logical NOT operator.

await

Pause and resume an async function and wait for the promise's fulfillment/rejection.

Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.

**

Exponentiation operator.

*

Multiplication operator.

/

Division operator.

%

Remainder operator.

+ (Plus)

Addition operator.

-

Subtraction operator.

Relational operators

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

< (Less than)

Less than operator.

> (Greater than)

Greater than operator.

<=

Less than or equal operator.

>=

Greater than or equal operator.

instanceof

The instanceof operator determines whether an object is an instance of another object.

in

The in operator determines whether an object has a given property.

Note: => is not an operator, but the notation for Arrow functions.

Equality operators

The result of evaluating an equality operator is always of type boolean based on whether the comparison is true.

==

Equality operator.

!=

Inequality operator.

===

Strict equality operator.

!==

Strict inequality operator.

Bitwise shift operators

Operations to shift all bits of the operand.

<<

Bitwise left shift operator.

>>

Bitwise right shift operator.

>>>

Bitwise unsigned right shift operator.

Binary bitwise operators

Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones) and return standard JavaScript numerical values.

&

Bitwise AND.

|

Bitwise OR.

^

Bitwise XOR.

Binary logical operators

Logical operators implement boolean (logical) values and have short-circuiting behavior.

&&

Logical AND.

||

Logical OR.

??

Nullish Coalescing Operator.

Conditional (ternary) operator

(condition ? ifTrue : ifFalse)

The conditional operator returns one of two values based on the logical value of the condition.

Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

=

Assignment operator.

*=

Multiplication assignment.

/=

Division assignment.

%=

Remainder assignment.

+=

Addition assignment.

-=

Subtraction assignment

<<=

Left shift assignment.

>>=

Right shift assignment.

>>>=

Unsigned right shift assignment.

&=

Bitwise AND assignment.

^=

Bitwise XOR assignment.

|=

Bitwise OR assignment.

**=

Exponentiation assignment.

&&=

Logical AND assignment.

||=

Logical OR assignment.

??=

Nullish coalescing assignment.

[a, b] = arr, { a, b } = obj

Destructuring assignment allows you to assign the properties of an array or object to variables using syntax that looks similar to array or object literals.

Yield operators

yield

Pause and resume a generator function.

yield*

Delegate to another generator function or iterable object.

Spread syntax

...obj

Spread syntax allows an iterable, such as an array or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected. In an object literal, the spread syntax enumerates the properties of an object and adds the key-value pairs to the object being created.

Comma operator

,

The comma operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated in a single statement and returns the result of the last expression.

Specifications

Specification
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-addition-operator-plus
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-assignment-operators
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-async-function-definitions
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-async-generator-function-definitions
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-BitwiseANDExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-bitwise-not-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-BitwiseORExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-BitwiseXORExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-class-definitions
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-comma-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-conditional-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-postfix-decrement-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-delete-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-destructuring-assignment
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-destructuring-binding-patterns
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-multiplicative-operators
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-equality-operators
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-exp-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-function-definitions
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-generator-function-definitions
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-relational-operators
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-grouping-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-import-calls
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-ImportMeta
HTML Standard
# hostgetimportmetaproperties
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-postfix-increment-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-left-shift-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-LogicalANDExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-logical-not-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-LogicalORExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-new-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-built-in-function-objects
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-null-value
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-CoalesceExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-object-initializer
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-OptionalExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-property-accessors
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-signed-right-shift-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-SpreadElement
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-ArgumentList
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-PropertyDefinition
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-subtraction-operator-minus
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-super-keyword
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-this-keyword
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-typeof-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-unary-minus-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-unary-plus-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-unsigned-right-shift-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-void-operator
ECMAScript Language Specification
# prod-YieldExpression
ECMAScript Language Specification
# sec-generator-function-definitions-runtime-semantics-evaluation

Browser compatibility

Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Opera
Safari
Chrome Android
Firefox for Android
Opera Android
Safari on iOS
Samsung Internet
WebView Android
Deno
Node.js
Addition (+)
Addition assignment (x += y)
Assignment (x = y)
async function expression
async function* expression
await
Use at module top level
Bitwise AND (a & b)
Bitwise AND assignment (x &= y)
Bitwise NOT (~a)
Bitwise OR (a | b)
Bitwise OR assignment (x |= y)
Bitwise XOR (a ^ b)
Bitwise XOR assignment (x ^= y)
class
Comma operator
Conditional operator (c ? t : f)
Decrement (--)
delete
Destructuring assignment
Computed property names
Rest in arrays
Rest in objects
Division (/)
Division assignment (x /= y)
Equality (a == b)
Exponentiation (**)
Exponentiation assignment (x **= y)
function expression
Trailing comma in parameters
function* expression
Trailing comma in parameters
Greater than (a > b)
Greater than or equal (a >= b)
Grouping operator ()
import
The options parameter
Non-standard
Available in workers
import.meta
import.meta.resolve
in
Increment (++)
Inequality (a != b)
instanceof
Bitwise left shift (a << b)
Left shift assignment (x <<= y)
Less than (a < b)
Less than or equal (a <= b)
Logical AND (&&)
Logical AND assignment (x &&= y)
Logical NOT (!)
Logical OR (||)
Logical OR assignment (x ||= y)
Multiplication (*)
Multiplication assignment (x *= y)
new
new.target
null
Nullish coalescing operator (??)
Nullish coalescing assignment (x ??= y)
Object initializer
Computed property names
Shorthand method names
Shorthand property names
Spread properties
Optional chaining operator (?.)
Property accessors
Remainder (%)
Remainder assignment (x %= y)
Bitwise right shift (a >> b)
Right shift assignment (x >>= y)
Spread syntax (...)
Spread in array literals
Spread in function calls
Spread in object literals
Strict equality (a === b)
Strict inequality (a !== b)
Subtraction (-)
Subtraction assignment (x -= y)
super
this
typeof
Unary negation (-)
Unary plus (+)
Bitwise unsigned right shift (a >>> b)
Unsigned right shift assignment (x >>>= y)
void
yield
yield*

See also